Cost reward theory of helping behaviour
Students
Take note.
This is related to the Piliavin study on helping behaviour. If you don´t want to watch the video, please don´t but do read about what happened.
http://youtu.be/wCnNGw9--hA
Outcry in China over hit-and-run toddler left in street
The incident was captured on surveillance cameras
Chinese media and internet users have voiced shock at a hit-and-run incident involving a two-year-old child left injured in the road as passers-by ignored her.
The toddler was hit by a van on Thursday in the city of Foshan.
After the van sped off, several pedestrians and vehicles passed the girl without stopping. Several minutes later she was hit by another vehicle.
A rubbish collector finally helped her, but she is said to be seriously hurt.
The incident was captured on surveillance cameras and aired on local media.
'Lacking conscience'
The footage showed the van hitting the little girl, pausing briefly while she was under the vehicle and then driving off, running over her legs.
It then showed about a dozen passers-by, including cyclists, a motorcyclist and a woman and child, noticing the little girl lying injured in the street but walking on.
Emotion detector can see when you are lying.
SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT
13 September 2011 Last updated at 12:26 GMT
New emotion detector can see when we're lying
By Hamish Pritchard
Science Reporter, Bradford
A sophisticated new camera system can detect lies just by watching our faces as we talk, experts say.
The computerised system uses a simple video camera, a high-resolution thermal imaging sensor and a suite of algorithms.
Researchers say the system could be a powerful aid to security services.
It successfully discriminates between truth and lies in about two-thirds of cases, said lead researcher Professor Hassan Ugail from Bradford University.
The system, developed by a team from the universities of Bradford and Aberystwyth in conjunction with the UK Border Agency, was unveiled today at the British Science Festival in Bradford.
This new approach builds on years of research into how we all unconsciously, involuntarily reveal our emotions in subtle changes of expression and the flow of blood to our skin.
We give our emotions away in our eye movements, dilated pupils, biting or pressing together our lips, wrinkling our noses, breathing heavily, swallowing, blinking and facial asymmetry. And these are just the visible signs seen by the camera.
Even swelling blood vessels around our eyes betray us, and the thermal sensor spots them too.
Real-world test
Traditional lie detection depends on the venerable polygraph, first developed in 1921, a much more invasive apparatus with a set of wires attached to the skin. This new device promises non-invasive, even covert truth tests in real time.
"We bring together all this well-established work on expressions, these recent developments in thermal imaging, techniques for image tracking of subjects and our new algorithms into one operational system," said Professor Ugail.
So far, the team has only tested its lie detector on willing volunteers rather than in a real-life, high stakes situation. Later this year, though, they plan to deploy it in a UK airport, probably running alongside experienced immigration officers as they conduct security interviews. The algorithms can then be tested against the verdicts of these officers.
"In a real, high-stress situation, we might get an even higher success rate," noted Professor Ugail, who believes he'll eventually be able to detect around 90% of those who are lying, which is similar to the performance of the polygraph.
The researchers acknowledge, though, that these tests can never be 100% accurate.
What they detect are emotions, such as distress, fear or distrust, and not the act of lying itself. Fear can sometimes be the fear of not being believed rather than the fear of being caught.
More Science & Environment stories
Risk list for Earth's rare metals
The relative risks to the supply of some of Earth’s rarest elements have been detailed in a new list published by the British Geological Survey.
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Researchers plan for city living
BBC © 2011 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.
Where to recycle?
An interesting page so that you know many people are also recycling.
www.dondereciclo.org.ar
Summary chart Freud´s stages
Stages of Psychosexual Development
A Summary Chart (Taken from about.com Psychology)
According to Sigmund Freud, personality develops through a series of stages in which the the energies of the id are focused on certain erogenous areas. This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.
The summary chart below offers a brief overview of these stages of psychosexual development, the approximate age levels for each stage and the primary conflict confronted at each stage.
Stage Age Characteristics
Oral Stage Birth to 1 year An infant's primary interaction with the world is through the mouth. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. If this need is not met, the child may develop an oral fixation later in life, examples of which include thumb-sucking, smoking, fingernail biting and overeating.
Anal Stage 1 to 3 years Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training is a primary issue with children and parents. Too much pressure can result in an excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life, while too little pressure from parents can lead to messy or destructive behavior later in life.
Phallic Stage 3 to 6 years Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id's energy is on the genitals. According to Freud, boy's experience an Oedipal Complex and girl's experience and Electra Complex, or an attraction to the opposite sex parent. To cope with this conflict, children adopt the values and characteristics of the same-sex parent, thus forming the superego.
Latent Period 6 to 11 years During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed. Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.
Genital Stage 11 to 18 years The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite. If development has been successful to this point, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person.
Deaf children and cochlear implants - A testimony
Here you can read the story of a family who took a decision which helped their child, born deaf, to gain the possibility of hearing through a cochlear implant.
Autism
http://www.autism.org.uk/
http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/arc/default.asp
Two useful sites to look up information.
Autism Another study shows......
http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1364229-los-autistas-ordenan-su-cerebro-de-forma-distinta
Language development
http://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/ciencia/deb-roy-ted-aprendizaje-lenguaje.html
Welcome to Child Development S4
Welcome girls
I hope you will find in this blog additional information and articles which may interest you.
Somewhere in the archive you should find a polio quiz.
If you find anything of interest mention it in class tomorrow.
Work on perception
For the first two or three weeks you will have some work to do posted in this blog.
The examples may be from the web or pictures you may find in a magazine.
Find examples of optical illusions that can help you explain the laws of perception.
You might find other posts which give some examples. Look up the archives in this same blog.
Perception definition
2. Introduction to Perception:
Definition of Perception
Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Sensation usually refers to the immediate, relatively unprocessed result of stimulation of sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, or skin. Perception, on the other hand, better describes one's ultimate experience of the world and typically involves further processing of sensory input. In practice, sensation and perception are virtually impossible to separate, because they are part of one continuous process.
Thus, perception in humans describes the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process itself. Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can be made about the properties of the perceptual process; theories of perceiving then can be developed on the basis of these inferences. Because the perceptual process is not itself public or directly observable (except to the perceiver himself, whose percepts are given directly in experience), the validity of perceptual theories can be checked only indirectly.
Historically, systematic thought about perceiving was the province of philosophy. Philosophical interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of what is called human knowledge (epistemology). Epistemologists ask whether a real, physical world exists independently of human experience and, if so, how its properties can be learned and how the truth or accuracy of that experience can be determined. They also ask whether there are innate ideas or whether all experience originates through contact with the physical world, mediated by the sense organs.
As a scientific enterprise, however, the investigation of perception has especially developed as part of the larger discipline of psychology. For the most part, psychology bypasses the questions about perceiving raised by philosophy in favour of problems that can be handled by its special methods. The remnants of such philosophical questions, however, do remain; researchers are still concerned, for example, with the relative contributions of innate and learned factors to the perceptual process.
Such fundamental philosophical assertions as the existence of a physical world, however, are taken for granted among most scientific students of perceiving. Typically, researchers in perception simply accept the apparent physical world particularly as it is described in those branches of physics concerned with electromagnetic energy, optics, and mechanics. The problems they consider relate to the process whereby percepts are formed from the interaction of physical energy (for example, light) with the perceiving organism. Of further interest is the degree of correspondence between percepts and the physical objects to which they ordinarily relate. How accurately, for example, does the visually perceived size of an object match its physical size as measured (e.g., with a yardstick)?
Text taken from
Peter Lindsay & Donald A. Norman: Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology, 1977.
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
PERCEPTION
http://ar.noticias.especiales.yahoo.net/noticias-fotos/2011/02/11/liu-bolin-hitc-dragon-series-photograph-no/